Printed Book
ENERGY AND PHYSICS
Four basic forces exist in the universe and affect the behaviour of objects ranging in size from the subatomic to the astronomical: gravity, electromagnetism, and the strong and weak nuclear forces. Of these four, gravity shapes the very fabric of the cosmos and governs the motion of the galaxies, stars, and planets. Gravity also makes its presence felt on the more humble human scale of balloons and boats, aeroplanes and rockets.
Like all forces, gravity can be measured. Physicists gauge the strength of a force by how it accelerates a body or changes the object's size or shape. Since forces have both magnitude and direction, scientists characterize the forces as vector quantities, which are represented in this book as arrows. When forces act in the same direction, their effects are magnified. When acting in opposite directions, they may cancel each other out; in such a case they are said to be in equilibrium. Force applied against a surface is called pressure and is measured according to its strength across a given area, for instance in newtons per square metre. Gases, liquids, and solids are all subject to the external pressure of the atmosphere, but they also exert internal pressure because of their molecular arrangements. In analysing phenomena, scientists therefore must frequently consider multiple forces. This book will examine these forces and explain inethis chapter how they interact.
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