Printed Book
Matter and Chemistry
o study chemistry means to peer deeply into the world of matter, where atoms join and break apart, share bonds and dissolve them. A chemist's concerns are the elements, each composed of only one kind of atom. The atoms continually interact with one another, spinning off or capturing the electrons, neutrons, and protons from which they are built.
One of chemistry's great tools is the periodic table, which lists the known elements, broadly grouped as metals, metalloids (or semimetals), and nonmetals; the exception is hydrogen, which belongs to two groups. The periodic table gives the atomic number, which is a count of protons in the core, or nucleus, of one atom of an element. Atoms of an element always possess the same number of protons, but the number of neutrons in the nucleus may vary. Atoms that differ in this way are called isotopes, and they abound in the universe. Atoms may also be stripped of electrons—the almost massless, negatively charged particles that orbit the nucleus—and are then said to be ionized.
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