Printed Book
Earth and Its Features
Since ancient times, humans have tried to fix their position on Earth by charting the lands, rivers, mountains, and seas that make up its surface. The very first maps served as practical guides for everyday life. As early as 1300 BC, for example, Egyptians drafted maps to re-establish property lines after those boundaries were washed away by the annual flooding of the Nile River.
Gradually, cartography—the art and science of mapmaking—expanded to reflect the new lands being discovered by explorers. By the sixth century BC, Babylonian and other cartographers were creating maps of the entire world—or what they thought was the entire world. As maps grew in scope and sophistication, cartography became the seed for a much larger discipline, the science of geography. The literal meaning of geography —"to describe Earth"—explains why modern geographers concern themselves with everything from climate, topography, natural resources, plants, animals, and soil to population, politics, pollution, and planning the cities of tomorrow.
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